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Saturday, June 06, 2020

Does Hell Exist?

My Mom is extremely religious and the best description of my beliefs is a skeptic.  That doesn't stop us from having many back and forth conversations around religion.  About a year ago we had a conversation about Hell and she sent me an email with the attached from a mailing she gets from a newsletter called 'Eternal Life With Jesus'. 
Eternal Life With Jesus
Revelation 21:1-5
Some people question whether hell actually exists. They wonder, How could someone in heaven have no sadness while realizing loved ones are suffering eternal punishment?

Humanly speaking, it’s hard to understand. We know that in the afterlife, those who have rejected Jesus will mourn (Matt. 13:41-42). But Scripture makes it clear that eternity in Christ’s presence will be pure joy. We are reassured that “He will wipe away every tear from their eyes; and there will no longer be any death ... mourning, or crying, or pain” (Revelation 21:4).

But notice the beginning of that verse. Before entering heaven, believers will shed some tears as well. You see, even Christians will undergo judgment, but not to determine where they will spend eternity. Rather, God will bring to light His children’s pure and impure actions, thoughts, and motives (1 Corinthians 4:5). We’ll no doubt be grieved to see what opportunities were missed and where we failed to act in a godly fashion. Yet the Lord will dry our eyes and bring us into His glory, where we’ll experience no sadness or pain.

Once we enter eternity with Him, we will not long for anything. Even if we are able to sense the absence of unsaved loved ones in heaven, there will be no discontent. At that point, our desires will perfectly align with His, and He will fulfill each one—anything we lack will no longer be something we want.

Eternity is a long time, and heaven will be indescribably wonderful. Trusting Christ as Savior is the only way to guarantee it will be your destination beyond this life.
I found the points raised interesting and felt I had to respond.  My replay was long but contains a summary of my beliefs.

*****
((The stuff below in italics is a quote from the above newletter))

I missed this newsletter when you sent it but I'm sure it relates to our last conversation and my statement that if the Bible claims that heaven will be a place of overwhelming joy yet I'll be in hell -- how would it be possible for you to find everlasting happiness?  The question in the newsletter you sent asked essentially the same thing:
"Some people question whether hell actually exists. They wonder, How could someone in heaven have no sadness while realizing loved ones are suffering eternal punishment?"
I want you to know I do enjoy our conversations and I also know you get frustrated with me and my hardheadedness around this subject.  I know you send me these things because you love me but I wish you'd also consider the words you send.  Think about what it is saying:
We know that in the afterlife, those who have rejected Jesus will mourn (Matt 13:41-42).  But Scripture makes it clear that eternity in Christ’s presence will be pure joy. We are reassured that “He will wipe away every tear from their eyes; and there will no longer be any death ... mourning, or crying, or pain” (Revelation 21:4).

One of my issues with the Bible is it is easy to cherry-pick different verses then reform them through the bias of the teller.  I think you also know that I reject any claims from Revelation as it was written more than fifty years after the death of Jesus by an unknown man named John who lived on the Island of Patmos.  To me, the Book of Revelation is little more than early Christian fan fiction.  This book was only included in the finalized Bible (200+ years after Revelation was written) because some sects of early Christianity liked its message which gave it enough votes.  Votes!  It makes me wonder if JK Rowling lived in 1st century AD that we would also worship the book of Gryffindor and fear of being sent to the evil Dementors. ((Sorry, I know you hate it when I say things like this.  I know it isn't productive to meaningful discussion but I can't help myself.))

So let's assume Revelations is true. :P  What is the newletter you sent telling us these words mean?
... notice the beginning of that verse. Before entering heaven, believers will shed some tears as well.  You see, even Christians will undergo judgment, but not to determine where they will spend eternity. Rather, God will bring to light His children’s pure and impure actions, thoughts, and motives (1 Corinthians 4:5). 
We’ll no doubt be grieved to see what opportunities were missed and where we failed to act in a godly fashion. Yet the Lord will dry our eyes and bring us into His glory, where we’ll experience no sadness or pain.
((Sorry again)) --- but before I speak to newsletter's contents, I should also add that part of this argument is from Corinthians, words written by a talented man named Saul who by his own pen admits he never met Jesus in life.  Instead, Saul renamed himself Paul after meeting Jesus in death, an act which would draw laughs and possible institutionalization if made it today.  However, this claim would very useful in the 1st century AD if you weren't a disciple of Jesus yet you want to take over his fledgling religion.  It has always bugged me that fourteen of the books in the New Testament were attributed to Paul meaning more than half the chapters in the Bible were written by a man who isn't relaying Jesus' words nor has he ever heard a single word spoken from Jesus' mouth.  Bible scholars now believe some of Paul's fourteen chapters weren't actually written by Paul but written in Paul's name which makes the whole thing even less believable.

But let's assume Corinthians is true. :P

The newsletter has interpreted Paul's words to mean that when you pass into heaven you'll first feel grief and sadness then pass into glory where we'll feel no pain.  There will be no discontent and your desires will match perfectly with the Lord as you will lack nothing and feel nothing.

Think about what is being said here -- while I'm being roasted by hellfire, your humanity will slowly be stripped away until nothing is left but a robotic shell.  I'm sure you will dispute my interpretation but if there is one fact that I have no doubt, it is that you love me.  You are the mother who bandaged my knee and always answered my call when life brought me disappointment.  Yet somehow I am to believe that you could stand at ease while one of your children's flesh is slowly roasted on another plane.  The only way that is possible is if your memory is muted or your humanity stripped meaning the mother I knew longer exists.  I would rather be in hell than be forced to forget you.

I did fear hell at one point in my life.  It is hard not to fear hell as a Christian.  Sunday school was filled with stories of Jesus' salvation but also the reminder of hell just below the surface.  That memory remained even after I stopped believing.  I feared to call myself an atheist for years, preferring the word agnostic instead as if that were some sort of protection against eternal damnation.  I won't lie - during that time, anger grew in my heart for the church.  The church instilled in me a belief in heaven that turned out to be a lie but worse it also threatened me with a nagging fear of hell that wouldn't go away.

I longed to find something to fill that hole and I'm sure you'd say its because I wanted to come back to the church but that is missing the point.  I didn't want to forget.  I wanted to understand.

I understand why people believe in religion.  It's funny to think about the little events you remember from your childhood but I was about six and at a family reunion when I heard one of my uncles say, "Life sucks and then you die".  I still remember my shock when he made this comment.  I'm sure it sounds silly now but I hadn't faced much adversity in my life at that point beyond the occasional goldfish death and the comment swirled in my head for weeks afterward.  How could he think that?  Life was awesome! - filled with puppies, school recess, pizza day, and hugs.  Obviously, that memory has stuck with me over the years and it's funny to think back about my naivety.  Life is hard and for most, it gets harder every year.  It's nice to think there's something at the end of all that hardship.  It's nice to think there is a heaven.

But I can't.  My brain doesn't work that way and I struggled for years to fill the hole the church created in my heart.

I suspect many people that go to church aren't really devout believers.  There is more than enough evidence that the Christian Bible was written by men trying to provide answers in an era that didn't have many.  Since that time, science has filled in many of the gaps and helped bring humans to a prosperity only dreamed about two thousand years ago.  But science doesn't have all the answers.

Here's my theory of the universe:
  • In the beginning, there was a Big Bang.  
  • What started it?  We don't know but this event created the universe and in time our solar system.  Light shown from the Sun onto the 3rd planet which had the right conditions to sustain life.  
  • How was that life created?  We do not know even though we do understand most of the building blocks.  We know everything on Earth is made from stuff created in the heart of stars like our Sun.
  • Fast forward four billion years and modern humans appear on the scene.  Ten thousand generations later you had me, the latest in a much longer line of evolution.
  • You and I are certainly an insignificant blip when compared to the expanse of the universe.  Our actions in life will have little impact beyond a few generations, a mere speck in a cosmos that measures time on a scale beyond our understanding.  
  • In death, our bodies will decay but our atoms, our star stuff, will live on.  In that way we are eternal.
I'm sure some of this will sound as funny to you as the Bible sounds to me.  The difference is all my beliefs are based on scientific facts and that gives me comfort.  Remember the words in the message you sent?  If you read my words carefully you'll see our beliefs are not so dissimilar.  Mine is just missing a hell.

We’ll both no doubt be grieved to see what opportunities we missed in life and where we failed to act in a godly fashion. 
Yet the Lord will dry our eyes and bring us into His glory, where we’ll experience no sadness or pain.
Regret at the end of life is common and after death, we feel nothing.  Aren't we saying similar things?
Once we enter eternity with Him, we will not long for anything. Even if we are able to sense the absence of unsaved loved ones in heaven, there will be no discontent. At that point, our desires will perfectly align with His, and He will fulfill each one—anything we lack will no longer be something we want.
The molecules that made us will exist even after our death.  As our bodies fall to decay and the continents continue to move, the elements that were once part of us will mix with each other.  In time we will join with every person we ever met, every pet we ever loved, and every piece of property we ever owned.  Time and want is meaningless in death and therefore to those that join its embrace, the transformation will be as if it happened overnight.  In a few billion years, the sun will run low on hydrogen and when it explodes it will send it's bounty, including us, into the cosmos as the process starts again.

You may find this weird but this concept is what filled the hole in my heart after I left the Christian church.  It ended my existential dread and gave me the comfort of meaning we all seek.

Of course, I won't be aware of anything in my heaven because I'm fairly confident human consciousness dies at death.  But compare my beliefs to the ones claimed in the email you sent to me.  They aren't so different - we both join with the universe and no longer want.  The only real difference is the ever-present threat that lives at the core of Christianity.  The newsletter you sent ends with it:
Eternity is a long time, and heaven will be indescribably wonderful. Trusting Christ as Savior is the only way to guarantee it will be your destination beyond this life.
I used to be scared of words like this but I am no longer a child and its words no longer control me.  I do not fear hell because it doesn't exist and even if it did, I'm not sure I could find comfort in a universe where some of the people I knew are left behind.  If I am to be deluded, I prefer to be deluded there is an afterlife that will be spent with ALL my friends and family.  That is true under my beliefs.

The bottom line for me is I believe one day we will both have an afterlife among the cosmos and it brings me peace to know you will be there with me.

Sent with all my love,
Your Son

Tuesday, May 05, 2020

#MeToo and the girl that got away

I know that title sounds a creepy but I promise it's not that bad.  It's going to be a bit before I get to that part of the story but the Tara Reade story made me think about it.

You may have heard of Tara Reade's allegations against Joe Biden as they have gathered steam in the last month.  They were first reported in early March with a blurb in most publications and then quickly forgotten except those with political axes to grind.  The prime driver were news sites with leanings to Bernie Sanders who wanted Joe to drop out of the race to allow their candidate to take the nomination.  The more moderate news sites are/were holding off to gather information in order to report facts and not a she said/he said.

As the story has gathered steam, we've seen sites dedicated to Donald Trump pick up the charge too.  Trump himself hasn't said much at this point and it's a smart choice considering his own history with the #MeToo movement.  Twenty-five women have accused Donald of raping them and it's a little difficult to think at least a few of them aren't true considering his "grab them by the pussy" tape.

Reade's charge is that when she worked for Biden he made inappropriate comments along with several unwanted advances, the most serious was pinning her to a wall and doing to her what Trump alleged in his infamous tape.

#MeToo has been around for a lot longer than most realize.  Tarana Burke started using the hashtag on MySpace in 2006 as a way for women to share their stories of sexual abuse and as a way to show these women they weren't alone.  #MeToo never entered popular culture until 2017 when the New Yorker published a series of articles against Harvey Weinstein.  These articles spark set off a long-simmering firestorm in Hollywood and it spread to the media, politics, and the business world.  The effect is still reverberating now and will for a very long time.

I'm not sure why it took so long and I'm sure sociologists have written papers why many remain quiet until a single person stands up giving others the courage to join the cause.  With Weinstein, it was certainly because he was not shy at ruining the careers of people that didn't cater to his whims.  

I do think one spark was the election of Donald Trump.  In 2016, the United States elected a man who'd almost surely raped a woman though he'd never claim it as such.  His election led many women to redirect their anger into things like a women's march and others to run for office.  In 2017, Weinstein finally got called out.  I doubt these situations are unrelated.  

Sometimes the world changes fast.  Sometimes it changes so fast that you don't have time to consider what you really want to achieve.

With the whirlwind came the phrase 'Believe all women'.  The theory was that as studies showed 90% of women reporting a rape/assault were telling the truth, we needed to believe them all to give them a safe space.  It made sense as men like Weinstein and Trump rely on their reputations when they call women liars.  No one who has been abused wants to relive that experience.  It takes a very strong person to go to the authorities and studies show a minority of women actually do this.  So hence we should 'Believe All Women'.

The hope is if we 'Believe All Women' more women might feel comfortable coming forward. 

After Weinstein, a tidal wave of allegations against powerful men flowed into media outlets though most of the stories focused on famous actors, politicians, and media personalities.  Many people, mostly men, had abused their positions of authority and many were promptly fired.

Yet in blanket statements lays a danger.

My concern from the beginning has been a statement like 'Believe all Women' is ripe for abuse.  I'd personally change to this phrase to 'Support All Women, Investigate their Claims, and Prosecute the Guilty'.  Unfortunately, it's not as catchy but I do think it would yield better results but if consistently applied.

Either way, the #MeToo movement was cathartic and I've cheered the cause.  It has caused many men, including me, to think back on their actions of a lifetime.  I'm sure this included Joe Biden.  What about Tara Reade?  Did Biden abuse his position of authority?  Are we supporting her?  Have we investigated her claim?  Can we prosecute?  What is true?

I will get back to Tara Reade/Joe Biden but here's where I get to my own #MeToo story.

*****

Early in my career, I was hired as a manager for a company with a staff of twelve.  I was young for the position but knew I could handle my primary duties which revolved doing the books and meeting with corporate management to explain the monthly financials.

As it was, I had only women on my clerical staff.  This was almost always the case in offices back and mostly true today.  I once wondered why this happened and it's two-fold.  The first reason is working in an office isn't considered manly and the male ego can't handle it.  The second reason is money.

The average wage of my employees back then was around $10/hr and the minimum wage was $4.25/hr.  As a point of comparison, our salespeople made around $20/hr at the time, our distribution drivers around $25/hr, and our warehouse people around $20/hr.  About 90% of the other departments were staffed by men*.  All of the other managers were men.

  * I could write a book on the reasons why women weren't in the other departments but I want to stay on topic.

Why would any man apply to be an office worker when they could make more money by moving to a different department?  Women, on the other hand, were limited to office and secretarial work and it had been that way since women started entering the workforce in great numbers after World War Two.  At my location, we had about 30 women working there while we had about 300 men.  We were skewed heavily to men as it was a production facility and the physical nature of the work probably discouraged women from applying (and our managers from hiring those that did apply).  Expand that type of hiring practice to society as a whole and you'll find the law of supply and demand meant even as overall pay for workers increased, the overabundance of women wanting clerical work meant clerical wages remained low.

I never thought much about it when I first started working.  I never questioned it until I did a review with an especially outspoken employee who asked me something that has stuck with me to this day:
"Every day, I pay out millions of dollars of the company's money in invoices.  So why do I make less in salary than the janitor?  He pushes a broom all day."
When I first started, my feeling was a person's salary was between them and their employer.  You negotiate a wage and that's the end of the discussion.  If an employee isn't happy, they can leave but when you think about the relative importance of both jobs in her complaint, it's silly to compare.  My payables clerk had a responsibility many more times of most managers in the company, let alone the janitorial staff.

I'm sure the unskilled male laborers of that time expected this to continue.

In truth, the American economy thirty years ago was going through the last stages of shedding high paying physical labor jobs for today's information-based jobs.  It's one of the reasons men, and particularly white men, are so angry today.  They saw their father able to pay their bills without a college degree or needing their wife's help.  That world has become less and less available to them.

But I digress...

Thirty years ago, I was a young manager in charge of an office of females, and looking back I think I did a good job considering my inexperience.  Luckily for me, most of them knew their job and didn't need my help.  That allowed me to get involved in other departments.

One area that needed my constant assistance was inventory control.  Every month we'd lose tens of thousands of dollars in inventory which led to countless loud conversations between our distribution and warehouse managers.

It took me a single conversation to realize that neither man was good at math or good at their job.  Both men had been sales managers for decades but customers had grown tired of them.  When I asked the general manager why they were put there, he said he didn't want to fire them for fear of an age discrimination lawsuit.  He 'promoted' both to a position where he thought they'd cause less trouble, then got me involved when his decision made a bad situation worse.

*** I'm sure you are starting to wonder what this has to do with #MeToo but I'm getting there ***

In theory, inventory control isn't hard in a distribution warehouse as you have a finite number of ways the product enters and exits a building.  At the beginning of a month, you have a beginning inventory.  It is adjusted in the following ways:

(+) Inventory warehouse employees unload trucks that arrive from the production location.
(-) Inventory warehouse employees load on trucks which is taken by drivers to customers.
(+) Warehouse employees who unload returns that come from customers.

The formula is simple - Beginning inventory +/- the above adjustments give you an estimated ending inventory.  You compare that number to your actual count and get a difference.  Ideally, that number is zero.

This is not a hard process unless you have bad management and we had bad management.

Every month the general manager would call me into his office and ask why inventory was out of control.  Every month I gave the same answer -- our managers and employees aren't taking it seriously.  The GM would then yell at the managers.  In turn, the managers yell at their employees and send out pointless memos.  Eventually, everyone would end up at my desk asking for help.  

((FWIW we all knew the real truth was people were stealing but you can't prove it with bad controls))

As enforcing company controls was part of my job responsibility I had to get involved and found myself spending the majority of my 'free time' trying to find solutions to our inventory problems.  The issue wasn't so much these things were hard to figure out but they took time, patience, and follow-up.

It was hopeless until the day our inventory clerk quit.  I wasn't too upset when I learned she had turned in her notice.  I'd told her bosses she was part of the problem soon after I arrived.  I think the General Manager saw my enthusiastic response as an opportunity.  He told me since I'd wanted her gone, perhaps I should hire the new person.

That's when I first met Wendy.

I hadn't hired many people at the time but one thing you realize when you interview entry-level positions is many times hiring comes down to choosing the least bad option.  It's impossible to know if a hire is going to work out until you've worked with them for a couple months.  Wendy is one of the few who I knew would do well within five minutes of our interview.

She was a college student.  She was willing to work a split shift -- meaning early morning and then come back in the afternoon.  It worked for her because she could work, take morning/noon classes, then work again.  She sounded excited because I told her it was ok if she used the inventory office for homework after she clocked out.

The reason I liked Wendy right away was her answers to my questions were concise yet formed a complete thought.  She was dressed in an understated manner, somehow knowing either by luck or design, this job was not going to be glamorous.  Getting dirty was part of the job. 

I came away from the interview confident Wendy was the one.  First, she showed clear intelligence and drive.  Second, she spoke well and had a self-confidence that I hoped would get others to take her seriously. The only downside I saw was ... Wendy was cute.

As a boss, you aren't supposed to notice things like a person's attractiveness.  As a human, it is impossible not to notice.  In a warehouse where the ratio of men to women is 10:1, I knew it could be a problem.

Men are pigs.  Young men are even bigger pigs.  You can't trust any of them.  Not even the 'straight-A student, looks clean-cut, he's so nice' type.  I know because that's how most people described me back then.  I also remember some of the thoughts running through my head that day.

My first thought when I saw Wendy was to wonder if she had a boyfriend.  I'm sure if we met in a bar and had a conversation we might have hit it off and this would be a different type of article.  Instead, I met her in an interview and while my 'pig-man brain' occasionally would interject a stray thought from time to time, my 'nice-guy' who 'knows he's a manager' side would push them out.

I once worked with an office manager who would only hire ugly girls for that reason.  His reasoning was ugly girls rarely become a distraction.  His reasoning was sexist and misogynist and sadly true.  Have I mentioned men are pigs?  We all know women should be judged on their competence and nothing else.  Every person should be given the same treatment.  Most men know that.  A few act on their pig-man brain influences.

I forwarded Wendy's resume to the warehouse manager with my recommendation.  A week later she was hired.

It's so much fun working with an employee that 'gets it' right away.  On Wendy's first day, I sat down with her to go over her job duties.  I explained how our inventory system worked and she didn't just nod but asked good challenging questions that let me know she understood.  I was overjoyed to know we might finally be able to fix things.

The GM grilled me hard when our results didn't improve in the first month.  He made it clear, the responsibility for the inventory was now mine.  I told him progress would take time but I was sure we had turned the corner.  I'd met with Wendy in her office a couple times a week and she came to my office whenever she had questions.  I saw her just about every day.  I could see a clear improvement in the process even if the results didn't show on the bottom line right away.

I enjoyed going to her office in the afternoons.  She worked in the back of the warehouse, a hive of activity in the morning, but quiet seclusion when our drivers were still out making deliveries.

Where once sat a jumble of papers, she had created a filing system, color-coded charts, and Excel tracking spreadsheets.  She got the basics almost immediately but that didn't mean she wasn't bombarding me to improve things even more.  Every time we met in her office, I'd see an occasional warehouseman walk in, take orders from her, and walk out.  All my fears about them bothering her were groundless.  She had it completely under control in a couple of months.

We made a good team.  As a newly hired manager, it was nice to realize I had the ability to fix problems that had plagued the facility for years.  Wendy and I had worked hard to fix things and inevitably our work brought us closer together.  It didn't take long until I sensed she might feel something more.  I've always been a little clueless at taking hints from women, but with Wendy, I was pretty sure.  We had flirty discussions.  Her leg accidentally brushed against mine under the table more often than could be written off as mere coincidence.  

I wouldn't have dared to start anything while she was still employed with us.  At that point, I was too naive.  I thought companies would fire a manager caught in dating an employee but that didn't stop my pig-man brain from chattering in my ear.  

The rumors started about us started about the third month.

By then, our inventory improvements began showing up on the financials.  My boss was happy.  My boss' boss was happy.  I was happy too and it showed.  I was living four hours drive from anyone I knew.  I was working 80 hours a week and had felt alone for months.  It was nice meeting someone and feeling a connection.  One day my boss smiled as he said that all the time I was spending in the inventory office was paying off.  He didn't say anything specifically but I knew by the smirk on his face what he meant.  He'd heard the rumors.  The sales manager was blunter.  'Is it true you're hitting that?'

In truth, I was spending too much time in inventory.  Wendy didn't need my help anymore and the office had a lot of other problems that needed my attention.  I called the warehouse manager and Wendy into a meeting.  I explained the review process Wendy and I had developed and explained it would now be his responsibility to work with her to keep inventory under control.  I would be available any time they had questions and would meet with them on a monthly basis from that point forward.
 
I saw Wendy wasn't happy with the change.  It was only later I understood the reason.

The warehouse manager's name was Joe.  As I mentioned earlier, he'd once been a sales manager but he'd fallen out of favor with customers.  I didn't know all the details but most likely, it was the same reason I didn't want him in the warehouse position.  Joe wasn't especially smart.

The one thing Joe did have in abundance was a salesperson's charisma.  He was the type that could go into any room and by the time he left, not only know every person's name in the room but their wife and kids as well.  I genuinely envied that trait.

Joe and I got along well once his inventory issues were fixed but I challenged him on the importance of followup with Wendy so he understood her process.

* I'm sure some people who read this are thinking of my earlier comment where my employee pointed out that she was making less than a janitor.  In this situation, Wendy was making $320/week part-time and had fixed the problem.  Joe was making about $50,000/yr.

I could see Wendy continued to streamline the process over the next couple of months.  I was happy to see she didn't need my help -- she understood how to fix problems.  I don't remember the first time she told me she thought Joe was 'gross'.  I'm sure she said it a couple of times and I remember agreeing with her.  I'm sure I mostly blew it off.

I did miss seeing Wendy every day.  She stopped by my office from time to time to ask questions but I blew her off.  Part of the reason was I've never been good at multi-tasking and I don't like interruptions.  Another part of the reason was I knew I'd grown to like her more than a manager should.  

This wasn't the only time it happened in my career.  When you work closely with someone it's hard not to develop feelings of some sort.  It's important to shut them down -- to not act -- to not react.  This was my first experience of this type and I'm sure I pushed too hard with Wendy.  It must have confused her.

I did have a lot of negative feelings towards Joe.  He tried to get involved with inventory for a month or two but couldn't understand it and backed off.  Thankfully Wendy was handling it for him but that didn't make it right.  Wendy was the one answering all the inventory questions at my meeting, at the meeting with my boss and with my bosses boss.   Joe was clueless.  

Joe was a nice guy.  He'd developed a habit during his years of being a salesperson on meeting you with a huge smile, a warm handshake, and what felt like over-enthusiastic banter if you didn't see him talk to everyone the same way.  In all the time I knew Joe, I don't think I ever saw him greet someone with less than unbridled joy.  With people he especially liked, the handshake would turn to a hug and sometimes into a backrub.  I don't like being touched so this annoyed me.  I mentioned it to my boss and he said it was Joe's idiosyncrasies.  It was Joe being friendly.  I never got used to it and never once considered how they might affect a twenty-year-old girl working in a secluded back office.

Wendy had worked for the company for about six months when she shut my office door.  I could tell by the look on her face it was serious.  I assumed it had something to do with a big inventory discrepancy.  I was wrong.

"I want to file a sexual harassment claim."

She took me completely by surprise.  I'm sure I sat silent for a couple of seconds but it felt like a minute.  A tinge of guilt came over me.

As I recall, my response wasn't very profound as I uttered something like "Ohhh?"

I didn't dare say anything else.  Wendy and I weren't working very close by that time.  She was practically running the department.  She didn't need my help.  I wasn't sure why she'd come to me.  It took me until halfway into our conversation before I realized she'd come to me because according to the company's org chart, I was on-site Human Resources.

At that point, I'd never had any HR training nor much in terms of actual experience.  Most people went straight to the GM with their HR concerns.  The other complaints were mostly about medical bills which I took to my payroll person handled.

Wendy had come to me with an actual HR issue because she trusted me.  It was something I had to address.  I asked, "What happened?"

Wendy told me the problem began just after she started.  Joe would come into her office and lean down close over her shoulder as she explained to him her system.  Many times he'd put both hands on her shoulder and start a massage.  She said she told him to stop over and over but he kept doing it.

There are memories in your life when you say or do something and they replay in your brain from that point forward and cringe every time.  The next minute is one of those times for me.

My immediate thought was one of relief.  I don't remember my exact words but it was something like "That's Joe being Joe.  He does that to everyone."

Wendy started crying.  She shouted at me through her tears.  "It's creepy and it's weird and I want him to stop."

I am proud to say I knew I'd fucked up.  I knew I needed help.  I also knew what my boss would say if I took Wendy's complaint to him.  My next move was the smartest thing I'd do during the entire ordeal though it took me many years to realize it.   I called a corporate HR staff lawyer, a lady named Theresa.  We'd worked closely together in the past and I trusted her.

Theresa answer was firm, "You need to file a sexual harassment form."  She gave me the form number so I could copy one from the company handbook.  I asked if we had to go that route as I knew the shitstorm it would cause.  Our policy at the time was if you filed a sexual harassment complaint against a manager, it notice of the complaint be copied to everyone in the company including the company president.

Theresa proceeded to give me the nicest ass-chewing I've ever received.  She never raised her voice but made it clear that once I called her it couldn't be undone.  The only way she wouldn't take it forward is if Wendy rescinded the complaint.  I asked Wendy if she wanted to proceed and through tears she said yes.

It took Wendy a couple minutes to complete the form, sign it, and hand it back to me.  The tears had dried on her face by this time and I wanted to say something to make her feel better.  I knew that was impossible but I was feeling so many things.  I wanted to apologize for leaving her alone with Joe.  I also wanted to give her a hug which I knew would make a bad situation infinitely worse.

As she passed me the paper, she asked if I thought she was doing the right thing.  

I knew I couldn't help her.  I said, "Only you know that."  I'm sure she expected more from me.

Wendy turned and left without a word.  I signed my part of the form before faxing it to corporate.  As soon as I hit send I made another copy and headed to the GM's office to tell him the bad news.

I don't remember his exact response but ...

"What the fuck where you thinking?"  

... was the general message.  His next message was just as clear.  "I want to talk to her."

I knew Wendy wasn't in any shape to talk to anyone.  I started to object but my boss wasn't in the mood to argue.  Wendy's office was a good five-minute walk from the front so I had plenty of time to think about the situation but I couldn't think of a good solution.  As I walked her to the GM's office she asked, "Am I in trouble?"  I tried to reassure her she was not though in truth I had no idea what my boss was going to do.

I can clearly remember the look on her face when the GM told me to step outside so he could talk to her alone.  No fear.  No hint of tears this time.  I doubted I would have looked as brave.

One thing I didn't realize at the time is HR departments aren't set up to protect employees.  They are there to protect corporations from having problems with their employees.  Sometimes the two goals intersect but many times they don't.

In this case, the General Manger convinced Wendy to take back the form.  He convinced her we could take care of it in house.  When she agreed the he called the company's lead HR attorney and together they made sure the form never made it to the Vice President of HR.

I found the whole process disappointing.  Had they realized how much guts it took for her to file that form?

When I first started working as a manager I thought everything was black or white.  Yes or no.  Right or wrong.  A sexual harassment claim against Joe would have gone in Joe's file but as it was later explained to me, it also would have gone in the GMs and mine too.  Not in any physical sense.  If the form had gotten filed, we would have been branded as managers that couldn't handle our problems in-house.  It would have been a chit higher-up managers would hold against us if they needed at some point in the future.

This was when I learned that management is a game where many times companies pretend to follow certain rules as pawns get sacrificed along the way.  I also learned company culture is almost as important as a company's salary structure if you want to attract and retain the best workers.

The next day, I asked Wendy if she really did willingly rescind her complaint form.  She claimed she did.  She said the General Manager said he would talk to Joe and make sure it didn't happen again.  Theresa in HR was pissed when I called her to talk about it.  Her boss had given her a similar tongue lashing as the one I'd gotten from my General Manager.

Joe came to me and looked genuinely hurt when he found out.  That didn't stop him from later making mocking comments around me hoping he hadn't gotten too close.  Joe never gave me a backrub or a pat on the back from that day forward, the only good outcome from the whole enterprise.  

As for Wendy, I'm sure he told everyone in the warehouse to watch out for her because she was trouble.  I'm also sure most of the people ignored him because everyone knew Joe was a bad manager.  Wendy complained to me about it and I mentioned it to the General Manager.  He rolled his eyes at me when I told him.  I have no idea if he ever said anything to Joe.

A month later Wendy turned in her notice.  On her last day, I asked her to come to my office but she claimed she didn't have time.  I went to her office which I saw was covered in balloons with a cake on her desk.  In the two years I worked at that facility, this was the only time the warehousemen ever pooled together money to give someone a party.  Everyone was sad she was leaving.

I told Wendy I was sorry.  I told her I wished things had turned out different.  I told her I was going to miss our conversations.  I knew I was going to miss her in more ways than I could say out loud but to say more would risk making me look like a creep and she didn't deserve that.  She thanked me for my help and we shook hands.  I never saw her again.

I heard through the grapevine she graduated from college a few years later.  They said she got a really good job at a Fortune 500 company working in Human Resources.  I've always wondered if her job of choice was because of her experiences with us.  The thought haunts me sometimes but I will never know the answer.

Our inventory problems returned within a couple of months of Wendy's departure.  Within a year, Joe was pushed out of his warehouse job.  They moved him back to sales.

*****

This story may seem quaint in comparison with Tara Reade's allegations or the stories about Harvey Weinstein's rapes.  Wendy wasn't shoved against a wall or forced to have sex but she was put in an uncomfortable situation.  She was forced to endure something she asked to stop.  She went to someone to ask for help and was met with disappointment.  Wendy left the company a little sadder and a little less innocent.  We took that from her.

Like Tara Reade, the situation I described above is from my memories but memories fade over time.  Time has a way of distorting our memories.  Tara Reade has changed her story many times over the years.  Joe Biden says it didn't happen.  Who is telling the truth?

Is my story above true?  It's the way I remember it but it is human nature to make ourselves the heroes of our of own journey.  I wonder how others might feel.  I'd bet the General Manager wouldn't remember it.  Wendy almost surely would.  Would Joe?  It's doubtful.

I've thought a lot about Wendy since the #MeToo movement started.  I always did my best to separate work and personal life but that doesn't mean I didn't use my position to wrong someone.  Perhaps I turned a blind eye when I should have spoken up.  Am I the boss in another person's story?  Then I wonder how Joe be viewed if it happened today?  What would a company today do when faced with the same situation?

Nothing is ever black and white.  Everything should be viewed on a sliding scale.  A single backrub isn't the same as dozens of backrubs after being told no.  Is a dozen unwanted backrubs worse than a 'grab of the pussy'?  At what point should a man be written up?  At what point should a politician drop out of a race because of allegations of rape?  These are impossible questions because every situation is different yet #MeToo requires us to deal in absolutes.

Is Tara telling the truth?  Is Joe Biden?  They are the only two that really know the answer and I doubt the rest of us ever hear the truth.  In that case, there are no good answers.  Only questions that will never be fully resolved.

Monday, February 03, 2020

Stopping at a red light

Have you ever found yourself sitting at a red light late at night?  It's 2AM.  You can't see a car in any direction and you're just sitting there.  Waiting.

It's times like that my head gets a spinning.  It's silly to just sit there.  No one would ever know if I ran the red light.  When you think about it, it's a little stupid to just sit there.  You could take 2 minutes off your journey and be in bed that must faster.  It's more productive to run the red light.  When you think about it, it's more beneficial to society as a whole to run the red light.

You can come up with all sorts of justifications in your mind at 2AM when you are tired and want to get to bed.

So let's say you run that red light.  Let's say work a night job and that red light is waiting for you every time you go home.  So you run it.

Now let's say a cop sees you running the red light and he pulls you over.  You know you were in the wrong but you explain that there wasn't anyone around and it didn't hurt anyone.  You explain its late for the cop too.  Do they really want to do paperwork at 2AM in the morning?  

Your sob story works.  The cop lets you off.  You wave to them the next day when you do the same thing.

You tell your friends about this new strategy.  You tell them how you're excited to add 2 whole minutes to your day.  It doesn't take long until they are doing the same thing when they drive at night.  Eventually, it becomes common for the townsfolk to do this.  The cops don't mind.  They have better things to do with their time than to hassle people that run red lights that don't matter.

One night you get off work early.  It's 11PM and there's still no one on the road.  You see your buddy the cop and you wave as you run the red light.  It's ok, you just got off work early.  You pause to explain and they wave.  You nod your understanding.  After all, it's just a red light, there's no traffic and he'd have to do paperwork.  You tell your friends.

A few months later you get a promotion.  You're working new hours.  You now come home from work at 8PM but you still want to save that 2 minutes.  There's moderate traffic coming from both directions but there are places you could cross if you are careful.  You wait for a moment when the coast is clear then slam your foot on the gas, shooting through the gap and running the red light without a problem.

Your buddy the cop sees this and pulls you over.  He asks why you ran the red light.  You explain how you got the new job at an earlier hour and how you still want to save those 2 extra minutes.  The cop explains that while it is a tradition in town that people can run red lights after 11PM, 8PM is much too early.  You confound him with logic - 'Is it fair to those of us that drive earlier in the day are the only ones who cannot run red lights?  Isn't that discrimination?'  The cop thinks for a moment and you add, 'I was sure to look both ways before going' then a final plea, 'and after all, it's a lot of paperwork.'

Your buddy the cop lets you off with a warning.  The next day you come to the red light and face the same situation.   You wait for the perfect moment then hitting the gas pedal, easily crossing the busy street.  You wave at your friend the cop and he waves back.  You tell your friends about it.

Some time later you get another promotion.  You now leave work at 5PM and on your first day, you see traffic backed up all the way to your parking lot.  You cut down side streets and across alleyways to make up the time.  You even drive on a few sidewalks just to get to your traffic light.  You see traffic stopped in each direction caused by cars that ran red lights.  

You pull your car off of the sidewalk and back onto the pavement, carefully making your way through the smashed cars so as not to damage your own.  It takes a while but you make it and on the other side of the road you see your buddy the cop.  You wave but he doesn't notice, he's busy taking incidents reports that will keep him busy most of the night taking statements and surely will be filling out paperwork well into the next day.  

You racing off down the road leaving the jumbled mess of cars behind.  You look at the clock and see your trip is going to take 20 extra minutes.  Perhaps it's time to move.

--------

These are the kind of thoughts that pop into my head when waiting at 2AM for a red light with no cars in sight.  Waiting makes no sense when you think about it, but to run it surely leads to anarchy as I've clearly shown.  I think there's a morality tale in there somewhere as well.

Sunday, July 14, 2019

We are the Cure

I saw the Matrix the first weekend it came out.  It was one of those rare movies where you know it's a classic as you watch and you feel lucky to be able to watch something of such quality.  Everyone should see it at least once but, for those that haven't seen it, it's a story about a struggle between robots and humans.  I won't say more for fear of spoiling as I only mentioned it because of a quote that stayed with me for years afterward:
Every mammal on this planet instinctively develops a natural equilibrium with the surrounding environment but you humans do not. You move to an area and you multiply and multiply until every natural resource is consumed and the only way you can survive is to spread to another area. There is another organism on this planet that follows the same pattern. Do you know what it is? A virus. Human beings are a disease, a cancer of this planet. You're a plague and we are the cure.
At the time I remember being upset by this quote and it is meant to do this.  The director wants us to hate the robots and I heartily cheered as the humans worked to defeat them.

As I've gotten older I find myself more upset by this quote for a different reason and it's the fear the robots might be right.  This seemed absurd to me when the movie came out because the robot was comparing humanity to viruses, non-thinking organisms that cannot control their actions.  Individual humans can and do control their actions.  The question is whether humanity has the same ability.

Let me explain.

Humans evolved into their current form no later than 200,000 years ago.  Since then there have been some cosmetic changes but most scientists agree that you could take a human infant from 20,000 years ago, stick him/her into daycare and they'd perform just as well as children born today.  Evolution hasn't done much to us since we first left Africa.

This idea has always fascinated me but it reinforced the fact of what we owe to our ancestors.  Take away our advantages of learning and we'd 10,000 years.  Every generation builds upon the work of their forebearers.  Fire leads to cooking.  Cooking leads to hunting.  Hunting leads to weapons.  Weapons lead to war.  War leads to organization.  Organization leads to cities.  Cities lead to shared ideas.  Shared ideas lead to rapid progress.

This is overly simplistic and skips a lot of steps.  For instance, I didn't mention the concept of farming at all.  Farming first developed in Mesopotamia about 8,000 years ago when drought forced the humans living there to adapt their surroundings.  I'm sure people discovered seeds caused plants to grow a long time before that but migratory hunting was the only way of life they knew.  Becoming a sedentary farmer was a last resort.

There are thousands of similar steps when you look at the long history of humanity.  Energy needs are a good example.  Europe was mostly forest when the first eastern traders showed up with their seeds.  Farming ensured people in a tribe were fed but to farm, they needed to clear the land.  Old forests were chopped down for firewood, for housing, and sometimes just burnt away to make more room.  This process took thousands of year but if you look at a picture of Europe today you'd scarcely see any forests.  The same is true of wild deer, boar, and fox.  They were all essentially hunted into a localized extinction.

Coal replaced wood as the forests were chopped down.  Whale oil then petroleum replaced coal and when we used most of those resources in we moved on to nuclear.  When that proved more costly and more dangerous than we hoped did we shift to renewables like wind and solar.

The story is the same where ever you look.  Humans take the path of least resistance.  We only act when we have no choice and that's because we don't have a choice.

Think about the energy path I mentioned earlier.  Humans cut down most of the trees in Europe not because they were evil but because they were there.  People knew that if they didn't cut them down that someone else would profit from the resource.  Capitalism has been a part of humanity from the beginning.  Survival of the fittest isn't just an evolution thing, it's a human thing.

Think about the trouble organizations like the United Nations have had to get global agreement on things like ending whaling, cutting out leaded gasoline, and eliminating fluorocarbons to save the ozone layer.  Most of these were agreed to in principle 30 years ago but we're still finding countries breaking the rules today.

Why do they do this?  It's because the rulebreakers only see the short term benefit.  It's part of who we are and we rarely act until to save ourselves until it is much too late.

Another movie I loved when I first saw it was Wall Street.  I was in college when it came out and I watched it with my business school friends dozens of times.  Most people remember the tagline but looking back the whole quote sounds like a better spin on the robot's view of humanity in the Matrix:
The point is, ladies and gentleman, that greed -- for lack of a better word -- is good.  Greed is right.  Greed works.  Greed clarifies, cuts through, and captures the essence of the evolutionary spirit.  Greed, in all of its forms -- greed for life, for money, for love, knowledge -- has marked the upward surge of mankind.
Every year it becomes more clear the world is headed for a cataclysmically changed future due to global warming yet few countries are doing near enough to address the problem.  Why?  Because while they could change their actions, they know most of the rest of the world will break the rules anyway and gain an economic advantage.  It's these types of things President Trump is speaking to when he says the rest of the world is laughing at us and calls his predecessors suckers.

It's an understandable feeling.  No one likes to be the only one to make a sacrifice.  That's doubly true if you think your sacrifice won't make a difference.

Even more insidious is when you as a citizen don't have a choice.  Our current society is built upon the work of our ancestors and our ancestors invented things like the automobile to enable them to be more productive.  It made our cities larger and more spread out.  These days if you want to work in America, you have to drive.  You could take public transport but that wastes time and electric cars still use a resource that still used fossil fuel.

A favorite tactic of those opposing change is to point things like this out and pretend these people have a choice.  One airplane flight is multiple times worse than a daily commute but even environmentally focused individuals fly on planes.  They have no choice if they want to work in today's society.  Of course, this does look hypocritical and some look worse than others but it really goes back to the inevitability of everything.

Because humanity is a virus.

At the end of the Matrix and humanity has defeated the robots (sorry for a 20-year-old spoiler for those who haven't seen it did you really think the robots would win?), the hero says the following:
I'm going to show these people what you don't want them to see. I'm going to show them a world without you. A world without rules and controls, without borders or boundaries. A world where anything is possible. Where we go from there is a choice I leave to you.
We cheer this line but the truth is humanity never had a choice and really never will.  The world was doomed the moment we developed big brains and opposable thumbs.  It was all written before we climbed down from the trees.

I am not a religious person but if you look back at the long line of human advancement it could cause you to see the hand of an impish prankster creator leading us to our current state.  Seeds, trees, oil, and gas all existed when we first left Africa.  The path to our current state was inevitable.  We had little choice of where we ended up just like a virus has little choice when it attacks its host.

The only thing real answer is for the host (earth) to outlive its virus (us).

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Why is Easter on different dates?

Why is Easter on different dates every year?

I remember wondering about this question every year as a child.  Christmas was on December 25th.  New Year's Day was January 1st.  Independence Day was July 4th.  Those were easy.

Other holidays were tougher but made sense once you figured it out.  Thanksgiving is the 4th Thursday in November.  Memorial Day is the 4th Monday in May.  Labor Day is the 1st Monday in September.  They were easy to understand once you knew how it worked.

This wasn't true with Easter.  As I got older I learned that Easter is the Sunday following the first full moon after spring solstice.  This means Easter can be celebrated anywhere from March 22 to April 25, a variation of 35 days.

Spring solstice is always on March 21st.  The moon takes 29.5 days to do a complete orbit around the earth.  A week is 7 days.  The 29-day moon cycle plus a maximum of a 6-day delay is why there's a variation in the holiday of 35 days.

To figure out the date of Easter, all you need is a lunar calendar.  In 2019, a full moon occurred on March 21st but the Christian rules state it has to be the first full moon after March 21st.  The next full moon happened on April 19th.  The following Sunday is April 21st and that is the date western churches celebrated Easter in 2019.

Isn't that easy?  OK.  Maybe not exactly easy but it is understandable once you know how it works.

A better question might be to ask is - why is it so complex?  Answering that question isn't so easy.

Why did the ancient church come up with such a weird method for determining a holiday?

Passover
Blame the Jews.  Now before you accuse me of being an anti-semite, this one really is at least partially their fault along with equal shares by the Babylonians and the Romans.

The book of Mark relates to us that six days before his resurrection Jesus was hailed by the crowds who had come to Jerusalem to celebrate the annual Passover feast.  So we know the resurrection occurred near the Jewish holiday of Passover.  This causes all sorts of problems when trying to come up with a date for Easter.

The reason for this is the Jewish calendar is a lunar calendar and most westerners have no experience with this type of calendar.


How did the Jews come up with their calendar?

The tower of Babel
Imagine you are a Babylonian living 3,000 years ago.  Calendars don't exist as we know them today but you are part of a greater society that stretches from Persia to Egypt and north to Greece.  As these societies expanded and commerce boomed it is clear they needed something else to help coordinate activity over long distances.  They needed a calendar.

So how do you come up with a calendar?  It may seem easy in hindsight but it's really not.  For the Babylonians, the answer was in the heavens. 

People today don't look at the moon as they did in ancient times but the moon can tell you many things.  Remember these people didn't have anything like a wristwatch or even something as simple as a notebook.  The moon is always with you.

A lunar month starts with the first sliver of light from a new moon and with practice you'd get to know how much time had passed from each additional sliver on the crescent moon.  A full moon would mean it is mid-month.  As the moon waned, you could count the days until the moon disappeared and you advanced to the next month.  Using a lunar calendar, if you know the month, all you need to do is look into the sky to know the date.

The ancient Babylonians were the first society to take long-term measurements of the moon.  They calculated the moon takes 29.53 days to do a complete cycle.  This means in a fully lunar-based calendar, a month always either 29 or 30 days.

This is exactly what the Babylonians did.  They created a 12-month lunar calendar with months of 29-30 days each and a year beginning with the first crescent moon of spring.  The months were given these names:

Lunar Month
Nisānu
Āru
Simanu
Dumuzu
Abu
Ulūlu
Tišritum
Samnu
Kislimu
Ṭebētum
Šabaṭu
Adār
 Addaru Arku
Western Month
March/Apr
April/May
May/June
June/July
July/Aug
Aug/Sept
Sept/Oct
Oct/Nov
Nov/Dec
Dec/Jan
Jan/Feb

Feb/March

Babylon Diety
Bel
Ea
Sīn
Tammuz
-
Ishtar
Shamash
Marduk
Nergal
Papsukkal
Adad
Erra
Assur

Hebrew Months
Nisan
Iyar
Sivan
Tammuz
Ab
Elul
Tishrei
Cheshvan
Kislev
Tebeth
Shebat
Adar
Adar I

Days in Month
30
29
30
29
30
29
30
29 or 30
30 or 29
29
30
29
     
354

Just because a lunar calendar is simple doesn't mean it doesn't have issues.  You might have already realized the biggest.  A lunar calendar totals 354 days in a 12 month year but a solar year is 365.25 days.  The Babylons fixed this by adding a 30 day month every third year after the month of Adār.  They also used the months of Samnu and Kislimu to keep the calendar in line.  The complete calendar was a 19-year cycle that did a good job of lining up to the moon but needed constant tinkering by scholars to keep the seasons in check.

One other thing you should note in the chart above is the similarity between the names of the Hebrew months and the Babylonian ones.  We aren't exactly sure when Judah started using Babylonian calendar but we know when it was definitely being used.

Babylon conquered most of today's Iraq in the late 7th BC century then conquered Judah in the early 6th century BC.   A series of Jewish rebellions led to an event the the Bible calls the Babylonian Captivity.

Situation in the Near East before Cyrus' invasion of Babylon and the Levant
Most scholars believe it was during this time that the Old Testament of the Bible was written down and codified.  The Jews remained in captivity until 538 BC when Cyrus of Persia defeated the Babylonians.

This was very fortunate for the Jewish people as Cyrus needed allies to keep th
e peace in the lands he had taken from the Babylonians.  Cyrus sent the Jewish nobles/priests back to Judah to rule in his stead.  These Jews returned with not only his declaration they should rule but also a new Holy book whose holy days used the Babylonian calendar.  This formed the basis for the calendar the Jewish people use to this day.

What Calendar did the early Christians use?

Christianity came into being during the time of Rome and as a result, the Christian Church has always used a Roman calendar.  During the Roman Republic era, they based their calendar on the Greeks/Babylonians but decided against fixing their calendar to the moon cycle.  Instead, they added days so their twelve-month calendar looked like this:

Martius 31
Aprilis 29
Maius 31
Iunius 29
Quintilis 31
Sextilis 29
September 29
October 31
November 29
December 29
Ianuarius 29
Februarius 28

355
Mercedonius*

Note that the total number of days equals 355 which is why the month of Mercdonius (of 23 days) was occasionally added after Februarius to get things back in order.  Unfortunately, then just as now, politics intervened and the Pontifex Maximus would add a month to keep their friends in power longer or withhold a month so people they did not like would leave office quicker.

Julius Caesar
The calendar was another sign of the rot eating away at the core of the Roman Republic.  The republic had worked well for most of Rome's existence but the government was not well equipped to be able to deal the new realities.  In time, a series of military leaders rose claiming they could fix many of Rome's problems but they would need power over the Senate.

When Julius Caesar became dictator of Rome he worked to fulfill this promise.  He met with the best scientists of the day, and they decided the new calendar would be a mix of Egyptian and Greek methodology while still using the old Roman names.  Caesar's main goal was to make a calendar that would be aligned to the sun so it didn't need any human intervention.  The final result was put into practice in the year 46 BC.

46 BC is also known as the 'long year'.  Politics had so badly skewed the Roman calendar that Martius (March) was no longer in its traditional position of having the first new moon of the springtime.  To get it back in line, Caesar ordered a series of extra months which made the year of 46 BC a total of 445 days long.  One of Caesar's other reforms made Ianuarius the first month of the year.  The resultant calendar that began to be used in 45 BC should look much more familiar:

Ianuarius 31
Februarius* 28
Martius 31
Aprilis 30
Maius 31
Iunius 30
Julius 31
Sextilis 31
September 30
October 31
November 30
December 31

  365

A leap day was to be added automatically every fourth Februaius to make a Julian year 365.25 days long.  You should note the month of Quintilius was changed to Julius to honor the dictator that created this new calendar.  When Caesar's nephew Augustus took over after Julius he did the same and changed the name of Sextilis to honor himself.

It's good to be the king.  Mostly.  The downside is sometimes people want to stab you.  Julius knows.

How did the Christian Church come up with their calculation for Easter?

At its beginning, the early Christian Church didn't have a list of proscribed holy-days.  That's because the new religion was a movement of ideas from its believers instead of something where rules were dictated down.  Many early Christians celebrated Christ's resurrection on the same day the Jews celebrated Passover, the 14th day in the Jewish month of Nisan (March/April).  Others felt the festival of his resurrection should be on a Sunday in remembrance of the day of his resurrection.

Council of Nicea
By the year 325 AD, the religion had grown dramatically and differences among believers had caused enough infighting to the point of actual violence.  Emperor Constantine called a meeting of the Council of Nicea where priests from across the Roman Empire met and codified rules to end these disputes.

One of the decisions made at this meeting was the date of Easter.  Many Christians were celebrating on the day of Passover but other Christian scholars felt the Jewish calendar was out of alignment as Easter was then occurring before the first day of spring.  These Christians felt their scholars should determine the date of Passover using a Roman calendar and not leave it to the Jews to determine the date of their holiday.   It was also determined that Easter should be celebrated on a Sunday.

It was at this meeting the Christians decided that Easter would be celebrated on first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox (aka spring).

In conclusion

Hopefully, that answers any and all the questions about the date of Easter.  I know I've learned a lot writing this and could have written more as I simplified this for the sake of readability (I know...)  Before I close this posting, I do have one more thing to discuss since I learned it during my investigation of this subject.  It's a ...


BONUS SECTION!!!  I know I've confused you enough but I couldn't help it...


Why are there seven days in a week?  How did the days of the week get their names?

This also goes back to the Babylonians.  Their celestial observations noted that there were seven objects in the sky that moved faster than others.  Note - Neptune and Uranus can't be seen without a telescope nor can any smaller object that orbits our Sun.

The Babylonians ranked these seven heavenly 'gods' in importance from fastest to slowest:

Sun
Moon
Mars
Mercury
Jupiter
Venus
Saturn

Perhaps you've noticed something familiar?

Every seventh day of a month was set aside with certain gods getting their own holy-day.  This day was also known as an evil day since many activities weren't considered able to be performed lest you anger the gods.

The Babylonians reserved the 7th, the 14th, the 28th of each month was reserved for the worship specific gods.  The 19th of each month was also considered a holy-day as it was a 'week of weeks', 7 x 7 or 49 days since the start of a previous crescent moon.  They also held a holy-day called the Sabuttu (or day of mid-rest) on the 15th of each month when the moon was full.  Some think this holy-day inspired the Jewish word Shabbat or what in English is known as the Sabbath.

The Romans originally starting with an 8-day-week but they switched once the began interacting with the Eastern Mediterranean, most of whom (Greeks, Jews, Egyptians) had long used the Babylon concept of 7 day weeks.

The Romans even used the Babylon wording for their days of the week though they used the names from their gods instead of Babylonian ones.   When the Roman words were put into English they ever adapting Romans used Germanic gods instead of their own for the names for the days of the week - Tyr is the German god equated with Mars.  Wodin is Mercury.  Thor is Jupiter.  Frigga is Venus.

That is how English speakers derived our days of the week - Sunday, Moonday, Tyr's Day, Wodin's Day, Thor's Day, Frigga's Day, Saturnday.

Pretty cool huh?  Aren't you glad you read to the end?

Hello? HELLLLLOOOO?

Monday, March 11, 2019

My namesake ancestor was at Valley Forge (and I can prove it)

As a child, I was told of a family legend that five Long brothers came to this country and fought in the American Revolution then later settled in Ohio.  It wasn't much and given as I had no proof, it wasn't something I ever dwelled on much.  Legends are common in all families as Elizabeth Warren can certainly attest.

I've recently gotten obsessed working on my family's genealogy and have learned a couple of valuable lessons along the way.  The first and most important is you can't believe everything you read.  That is especially true when you find links to famous ancestors.  The first urge is to believe them because it's nice to think that part of them are part of us but I've gotten burned a couple of times.

Robert Lee

Birth certificate of Robert Lee Long
It is meticulous work and the best proofs are finding government records like census rolls, title transfers, and other court documents like birth, death, and marriage records.  Working back from my grandfather was easy as I found his birth certificate.

This document shows some of the pitfalls that can become stumbling blocks because many of these court recorders were horrible spellers.  My grandfather's name is Robert not Robart.  My great-grandmother's name is Zora May Nettlehurst not Dora May Wottlehurst.  My great-grandfather's name is Randolph Huber Long not Hubar.  At least they got the date of birth correct.

Randolph Huber


Birth Certificate of
Randoph Huber Long
I didn't rely on just this document to link Robert to Huber.  The family is listed together on the 1920 census, the 1930 census, and my grandfather's marriage certificate.

With that certainty, I started the search for my great-great-grandfather and you'd think a good way to do that is through my great-grandfather and his birth certificate.  I found the document with his parents listed, but I later discovered it has the wrong birthdate.  I know it seems impossible to get the wrong birthdate on a birth certificate but back then the lists were compiled and submitted periodically and somehow the recorder someone got the wrong date.

Thankfully, I found something even better - his World War I draft registration. Note that it lists his full name, his date of birth of February 5, 1883, and Zora May's correct name as well.

Draft registration for Huber Long
The eagled eyed might notice the date of his notice is in Sept 1918 and wonder why he filled out his draft card so late given the war ended in November 1918.  The reason is the original 1917 draft called men between the ages of 18 and 31.  When the government realized they needed more men they held a second draft registration in Sept 1918 for anyone between 18 and 45.

Chase Peter

Here's the 1900 Union County Ohio Census that shows a Huber R Long born was in February 1883 in Hillar, Knox County, Ohio.  His dad is named Chase who was born in 1855 and his wife's name is Lottie born in 1851.  It also says that Lottie's parents were born in England (true) and Chase's parents were born in Virginia (not true).

1900 Union County Census
With all these errors you might get the impression that this isn't enough proof but a look at the Chase's household in the 1910 census and Huber's marriage certificate to Zora May are further proof that Chase Long is Huber Long's father.  I'm just showing the funny things that happen when looking through these records.
So now we need to find out more about Chase Long.  We know from the 1900 census that he was born in Ohio and he was married to a woman named Charlotte Barker who appears to have gone by the nickname Lottie.  Sometimes the parents are listed on marriage certificates but they weren't on Chase Long's marriage certificate to Lottie Barker in Feb 1880 so we have to look someplace else.

Lottie died in 1911 and Chase remarried in 1912.  That marriage certificate lists both Chase's father, Rollins Long, his mother, Elizabeth Conaway.

Chase Long's marriage records confused me for a bit of time until I realized he didn't like being single and married a total of five times.  He married Lottie in 1880 who died in 1911.  He married Euseba Baily in 1912 who died in 1919.  He married Emma Graham in 1919 but they got a divorce in 1920.  He married Emily McClelland in 1920 but she died in 1923.  He married Emily Dupler in 1923 but she died in 1933.  The 78-year-old Chase went to an old-folks home after that.  I suspect he pestered the young nurses in that place before his death in 1940.

Rollins

So we now have the name of an ancestor - Rollins Long and his wife Elizabeth Conaway.  With that information, we can use the census data.  If they live in Knox County and have a son named Chase we reasonably sure it's the same person which can lead us to other information.  The Knox County census record of 1850 gives us just that.

On the 4th line we find Rollins Long, aged 38, with Elizabeth,aged 40 and bunch of kids including a son Chase who is 5 years old.  Bingo!  Everything matches perfectly this time.  We can find further confirmation as to his age and his wife in other places like the 1850 census but we need more information to find Rollins father.

There are many ways to do this but research gets harder before 1840 because back then the census only listed the head of household along with designations for the number of people in the house.  There are ways to do it but I found something that is even better.

Right after the 1876 centennial, the United States was full of patriotic feeling for what the country had been able to accomplish in such a short time (though I suspect the feel less fervent so in the south).  A few book publishers decided to tap into that feeling and approached counties across the country offering to write their history with a focus on current residents.  These residents had to pre-paid a fee to fund the book's printing so these books are a kind of who's-who list of the late 1800s.  The result is sometimes self-serving but still an amazing snapshot of the people in each county at the time.

I found the information I wanted in a book called - History of Knox County, Ohio: Its Past and Present.  The whole book is a fun look into the past of a place near where I grew up but one particular entry caught my attention.
LONG ROLLINS - Hilliar township, farmer, was born in Greene county Pennsylvania August 1820.  A few years after his parents came to Ohio and settled in Licking county Mr Long spent his youth on the farm with his parents until October 24 1841 when he married Miss Elizabeth Ann Conaway of Coshocton county.  They had a family of ten children, eight of whom are living, Joseph is a minister of the Methodist church.  They are all doing well thus showing that they have been carefully instructed.  Shortly after he was married he moved to Milford township where he was engaged in farming for about eighteen years.  He then moved to Hilliar township where he has since resided.  He added considerable to his first purchase.  He started in life comparatively poor but has worked hard and as a natural result he has succeeded.  He is social and pleasant in his manners conscientious in his dealings and one of the estimable citizens of Hilliar township.  His parents Solomon and Mary Long nee Posthlewaite settled on the other fork of the Licking in Bennington township Licking county and were among the early settlers of that county.  In those days they had to go to Zanesville to mill.
I'm sure every entry had a word limit and I really love that Rollins decided to use his last sentence to state how far they had to travel to go to the mill.  I suspect young Rollins made that trip many times.

Solomon

Now we have the name of my great-great-great-great grandfather, Solomon, and a location of Greene County, Pennsylvania as the place of his birth.  His is listed on a couple of different census records but some of that information is contradictory.

Going back to family lore, I was always told as a child that I have relatives buried in cornfields all over Knox and Licking County, Ohio.  In Solomon's case, it is literally true.  You can find his grave surrounded on four sides by corn fields, a mere stone's throw away from a creek that leads to the North Fork of the Licking River.

I found his birthdate at the same place I got his date of death - Solomon Long's tombstone.  According to the tombstone he was born on Nov 6, 1797 and died on Apr 20, 1870.

Gideon Long

We've proved the link from Rollins to Solomon but as always seems to be the case, the final link is the toughest.  Census records won't help us much since that document only lists the head of household.

So what now?  I have found nothing specific that links our Solomon Long to his father but we do have a couple of clues.

From the History of Knox County, we know Solomon came from Greene County, Pa but there are Long ancestors all over that county.  Thankfully some of my distant cousins, Leroy Eastes and James Overhuls spent many years researching the subject.  James wrote a paper in 1974 he called, Long Family of Colonial Maryland that details the Long family tree from their origin in Maryland to his particular ancestor in Butler county, Ohio.  Leroy used that information and expanded on it, writing a book in 1997 he called, The Descendants of John Long Sr. of Maryland (1685 - 1746).  Together these books gave a wealth of information about the Long Family tree but it's beyond the scope of this post so I won't go into details.  I've linked both if you are interested.

Before we get to the ancestral stuff about Gideon, I think it is necessary to set the scene.

Settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains was illegal in the American colonies until 1765 when the British got the Iroquois to sign over their claim to this land as a result of their loss in the French and Indian War.  Perversely, the Iroquois didn't actually live in the area ceded to the British.  They actually lived in the north and western parts of New York state so they happily signed away land where other tribes lived.  No one asked the native tribes living in Pennsylvania and Kentucky which, as you might imagine, quickly caused issues.  As a point of note, it was still illegal to live north of the Ohio River and would be until after the revolution and a couple more treaties.

British colonists streamed over the mountains with the signing of the new treaty in 1765 and included in their number John Long and Ann Long (Harrington).  They made a couple of stops along the way but around 1771 they arrived in today's Greene County, Pennsylvania, near the Monongahela River on Whitely and Dunkard creeks.  John Long's will lists his eight children and according to Leroy Eastes book, only one of them had a son named Solomon.  That is the link to our ancestor, Gideon Long.

This is not definitive proof but it feels pretty close.  We know Solomon Long was born in Greene County, Pennsylvania in 1797 and we know Gideon Long had a son named Solomon around that time.  Keep in mind that in 1800, Greene County, PA had fewer than 9,000 people.  It is very unlikely there were other Long families living there and the genealogists I mentioned do not speak to any other cousins from Maryland moving to the area (the name Solomon was used many times by the ancestral Long's who lived in Maryland).

The Revolutionary War Service of Gideon Long

Pennsylvania archival records show Gideon joined the 8th Pennsylvania in August 1776 but membership of that organization isn't proof of his service as the 8th was notorious for their desertion rate.  We do need to keep in mind that desertion wasn't considered as much of an offense during the Revolution like it would be today.  Most American officers, including George Washington, were glad when the soldiers came back.  These men knew there were many good reasons men deserted, usually dealing with a family emergency or to help bring in the harvest.

The men of the 8th Pennsylvania were notoriously unreliable for another reason.  As mentioned earlier, the Iroquois ceded land to the British where the families of the Pennsylvania men's families now lived but the tribes living there considered it theirs.  The tribes moved further west to avoid the settlers but that didn't mean they were happy about the situation.  In fact, a quasi-state of war existed between the settlers and the natives even before the Revolution and it only got worse when the British began encouraging natives to raid the settlements in Kentucky and Pennsylvania.

The men of the 8th Pennsylvania joined with the promise they would only be used to protect their homes.  Unfortunately, after his disastrous summer of 1776, George Washington decided he needed them in the east and called for a winter march across the state in December 1776.  To say the men weren't happy is an understatement.  The 8th didn't arrive in time for Washington's Crossing of the Delaware as the unit didn't arrive in New Jersey until the first week of February 1777.

You cannot understate the hardships born by this unit who made a January journey across the entire state of Pennsylvania along paths that could hardly be called roads.  This article from the Pennsylvania Archives has a report from an officer that describes what he saw a couple of weeks after they arrived:
Quibbletown, February 28, 1777 - I desired the Dr. by all means to visit them.  They were raised about the Ohio and had traveled over 500 hundred miles, as one of the soldiers who came for the Dr. informed me.  For 150 miles over the mountains, never entering a house, but building fires and sleeping in the snow.  Considerable numbers, unused to such hardships, have since died.  The Colonel and Lt. Colenel among the dead.  The Dr. informed me he found them in cold-shattered houses.
General Washington made this comment on the poor state of the 8th Pennsylvania after he saw them:
"I ... desire that you will order the three new field Officers to join immediately, for I can assure you, that no Regiment in the Service wants them more. From the dissentions that have long prevailed in that Corps; discipline has been much relaxed, and it will require strict care and attention to both Officers and Men to bring them back to a proper sense of Subordination and duty." 
Given the harsh nature of the journey, I don't think it's a far stretch to assume that all of the men in the 8th considered turning back at some point during the winter march and I doubt many of the soldiers had much favorable to say about their experiences in the war thus far.

Records in the 8th Pennsylvania are spotty but thankfully we have Gideon Long's own words.  In 1832, the government allowed for an $80/year annual pension to all living American Revolution veterans and Gideon testified to his service under oath.  I've linked the actual documents but will write out the pertinent parts as the writing is very difficult to read.  The ___ are places I had difficulty determining.  Note the highlighted section:
1833 Gideon Long
Pension Testimony - Page 1
"That he enlisted in the army of the United States in the month of August 1776 for three years under Captain John Wilson in Greene (then Washington) County Penn where he now resides. That he marched to Kettanning where he joined his regiment (the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment) commanded by Colonel Enos McCoy ____ and Colonel George Wilson, Major Butler ___ ______ his Captain was John Wilson aforesaid marched from there, over the mountains and experienced much hardship and exposure. Went to Phila. Went from there to Morristown New Jersey and joined the main army under General Washington ____ marched to Boundbrook Jersey. There returned by rapid march across the Delaware and went to the Valley Forge where they remained in winter quarters ____ the spring of 1778 that the regiment was then and had been for some time before (after the death of Col McCoy and Col Wilson) under the command of Colonel Daniel Broadhead, Colonel Stephan Baynard, and Major F Vernon who then commanded the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment. Returned afterward to the west after stopping at Carlisle and was ordered up the Susquehenna to protect the people about Wyoming and Northumberland against the Indians. This was in harvest time 1778. From there they returned to"
1833 Gideon Long
Pension Testimony - Page 2
"Pittsburgh after some _____they were ordered on ________ against the Indians and opened a road to the _______ of the Beaver on the Ohio where they built Fort McIntosh under Col. Broadhead. Where General McIntosh commanded after building the fort. They marched on the Ohio to Tuscarawas where they built Fort Lawrence then returned in the winter, December, to Fort McIntosh where they occupied the blockhouse for a while and then returned to Pittsburgh where they remained until August or September when their three years expired and they accordingly were discharged. Then he volunteered for two months under Col. Broadhead to go against the Muncy towns ____ some _____ _____ and was ordered to take charge of the _____ _____ and was in charge on the return of the detachment."
I omitted the beginning legalese and the end of Gideon's statement in an attempt not to make it more confusing.  I have included the third page of his testimony in case you really want to read it.

1833 Gideon Long
Pension Testimony - Page 3
Other things of note: Gideon stated he was born in Queen Anne's County Maryland in 1754 which tracks to what we know of that Long family.  He did not sign his name to the testimony but left a mark giving the indication he could not read or write.

One thing Gideon left out of his testimony is he joined a local Pennsylvania militia unit called Guthrey's rangers after his enlistment ended and eventually voted Lieutenant of that unit.  I suspect the reason he didn't mention his later service is because getting a pension only required two years service.  His time in the 8th qualified him.

Most of the rest of the testimony is about the witnesses he brought to speak on his behalf and also answering questions why he is testifying in Fayette County vs Greene.  The reason he made his testimony in a different county was Greene County stated it would be a couple of months before they were going to have a hearing and he didn't want to wait.  Gideon died less than a year after giving his testimony.

In conclusion

So there it is.  My Valley Forge ancestor.  From Robert Lee to Randolph Huber to Chase Peter to Rollins to Solomon and finally to Gideon Long.  I think this would be enough proof to convince most people.  There is more to Gideon's story and his six brothers that served but I'll leave that for another post.